Payroll system for thesis Essay

Introduction This chapter present the introductory part of the study about accounting system in DMMA COLLEGE OF SOUTHERN PHILIPPINES. The purpose of this study is to ensure that the project will support the business requirement in accounting and improve better service to the employee in DMMA COLLEGE OF SOUTHERN PHILLIPINES. This study is conducted by Mary Ann Ivy Bautista, and Sheeneryl Lacay. We are proposing this study to the accounting department of DMMA COLLEGE OF SOUTHERN PHILIPPINES. Since the DMMA COLLEGE OF SOUTHERN PHILIPPINES is using office manual system in excel and they are thinking about creating a database to make payroll easily, and that would lessen their time in creating payroll to their employee. Background of the study According to the student handbook, DMMA COLLEGE OF SOUTHERN PHILIPPINES was established in October 1993, and was formerly known as the Davao Merchant Marine Academy (DMMA). Accounting is the system of recording and summarizing business and financial transactions and analyzing, verifying, and reporting the results according to Merriam-Webster’s online dictionary. Technology today is fast changing many business company try to adopt the changing technology like DMMA COLLEGE OF SOUTHERN PHILIPPINES in order to stay competitive. Computers have the great impact on the profession of accounting. The program also allows the 15 days payroll schedule to be calculated accurately. Just by having all teachers and employees information like name, wages etc to enter in the database. Therefore, payroll can be done with the guide o f the program. The system is good in the fields of accounting specialty. It is easy to use, effective and efficient in calculating the payroll. In addition this study aims to develop a reliable and manageable computerized payroll system for DMMA COLLEGE OF SOUTHERN PHILIPPINES for a better manageable of a business. Project Context Purpose and Description Objectives of the Project Scope and Delimitations of the Project Scope This study is designed to develop a Computerizes payroll system for DMMA COLLEGE OF SOUTHERN PHILIPPINES. It covers the process of preparing the pay slip of each employee, the regular and part time employee, keeping of record safety and computing the exact wages of each employee. Including the stored report list of employee such as Monthly Salary, Basic Pay, Teaching, Adjustment, Overtime, Allowance, Course Manual, Rice Allowance, Gross Pay, Net Pay, Deduction such as SSS Premium, Withholding tax, Cash Advances, SSS Loan, PAG-IBIG Loan, MAXICARE, Sunlife, PhilHealth, Absences/Tardiness, Canteen Advance, SEAMPCO and other like Grepalife, Mandug Lot, LLS IOU, HSBC Loan, MLCR IOU, Pag-ibig housing Caritas, AUO Rice. The proposed Payroll System for DMMA COLLEGE OF SOUTHERN PHILIPPINES is expected to generate Pay Slip of Employees, 15 days pay period. The system will be network to the HR, Accounting department, and Cashier. Delimitation The proposed Payroll System for Dmma College of southern Philippines does not support online program or online transaction. Significance of the Project The proposed system will help the accounting section of Dmma College of Southern Philippines especially the Payroll maker/bookkeeper and the Finance Officer. It will help to lessen the time and effort of the payroll maker/bookkeeper in preparing payments of employees. The system develop can accommodate changing figures through well design database. Definition of Terms Payroll System A payroll system is a computerized technique that is used to calculate the sum of salaries employees who need to be paid in an organization. Company A business enterprise firm. Employee A person employed at a wage or salary. Record A document that contains an account particularly in terms of collection. Service Contribution to the welfare of others. Database An integrated collection of data which provides a more efficient way of storage and retrieval of data and is capable of processing large portions of data immediately. System A set of related components that produces specific results. Technology It is the study of practical or industrial arts. Review of Related Literature: In less than a generation, computer technology has revolutionized businessall over the world. This has brought about changes in the area of business,finance, industry, government, agriculture, education, health care, sports and even on our personal lives. Today, computers do much of the works. Datacollection continues to become easier and easier, data processing is getting faster and faster, mathematical calculations continue to be performed with increased precision and information is being provided to users in generally more useful forms. Such that was made possible through the use of electronic files and database.This chapter presents some of the previous related works relevant to the understanding of the problem. In order to gather information, the authors usedbooks, thesis and encyclopedia. The wide spread development of digital technology also results to parallel advance in software, which allows this technology to be used by persons other than computer experts. The database has become a central organized framework for information system, taking advantage of the concept of data independence that allows sharing among diverse system– Organized collection of data maintained and used with the aid of management information system (mis). It is a state of the art information system process and retrieves information ever faster; they are more robust in terms of the volume of data that they can process and in terms of reliability; and their performance is more cost-effective. The central component of information system, the database may be distributed over a number of processor in different geographic locations, yet queries can processed simultaneously against the composite database

Potato Osmolarity Lab Essay

Purpose: The purpose of the lab is to discover the osmolarity of the potato tissue. Background Information: Osmolarity is a concept similar to concentration, except it is the total number of solute particles per liter. In this lab we can show osmolarity by using sucrose solutions and potato ores. This experiment displays hypertonic, hypotonic and isotonic solutions. A hypertonic solution is a solution with a relatively higher concentration, hypotonic cis relatively lower, and isotonic is the same. Variables: Constant = size of potato core Independent = sucrose molarity Dependent = mass percentage change Safety: Follow lab safety protocol and be careful with cork borer. Procedure: 1. With a cork borer, cut six cores from a potato. The cores should all be as close to the same length as possible: 30-50 mm cores are recommended. 2. Before continuing, produce a table that will show the volume and mass of the potato cores before and after being placed in solutions of 6 different sucrose molarities. 3. Determine mass of potato cores using a laboratory balance. Record in table. 4. Place each core in a different test tube labelled with the core’s identification letter and the molarity of the sucrose solution to be placed in the tube 5. Add a labelled molar solution to each test tube until core is covered. Place foil over each tube and store for 24 hours 6. On the next day, repeat step 3 Conclusion/Analysis: The osmolarity of the potato core is 0.4 M, I determined this by finding where on my graph the percentage change in mass was equivalent to 0. This meant that there was no change in mass, the tissue and solution were isotonic, and the molarity of the solution is the same as the osmolarity of the tissue. In this lab, and all experiments, an accurate measurement of mass was crucial to finding the correct results, trend, and osmolarity. The conclusion of this lab was based off of a negative trend on the graph which could have been skewed from inaccurate data. In order to attain more reliable data I could have done multiple trials in the procedure which would clarify my results and conclusions. Also to generate better data a more precise device for measuring the mass of the potato cores could have been used. Also the size of the potato cores could have been more constant to create more accurate data. Outside of this experiment osmolarity is used in urine tests to calculate the concentration of certain particles in urine. An osmolality test can also be used for the blood to see the number of solutes present. These tests are then helpful in diagnosing and treating patients.

Jazz Concert Reflection Essay

Jazz is a musical style that began in African American communities in the southern United States around the beginning of the twentieth century. It was a new style of music that brought together music traditions from West Africa and Europe. Some of its West African musical influences give jazz its unique sound. Jazz has many different elements, which are improvisations, swinging, using blue notes, and combining different rhythms. I attended The Bill and Helen Murray Jazz Residency Program featured Ellery Eskelin on the Saxophone with Susan Acorn on the pedal steel guitar and Michael Formanek on the acoustic bass and The Towson University Jazz Faculty Ensemble Featuring Dave Balloy on the trumpet, flugelhorn, and piccolo trumpet, Jim Mc falls on the trombone and baritone, Tim Murphy on the piano, Jeff Reed on the bass and last but not least, Frank Russo on the drums and cymbals. At each concert about four songs were performed. The musical elements in both performances that classify the music I heard as jazz were the swing rhythms and improvisations. The Jazz Residency Program was based on improvisations. Each player at this concert; had the ability to instantaneously compose, revise and perform their parts amazingly. As Ellery played the Sax, Susan and Michael played their instrument spontaneously creating fresh melodies. At the Jazz Faculty ensemble, the musicians played songs that were previously written. Their musical styles were mostly bebop and swing with lots of call and respond. Jim Mc falls would play his trombone and all group members would follow after him. The song â€Å"Moodly† sounded like bebop, because there were a lot of bass drum bombs and tonal clashes. â€Å"Marsch der freien Sound Fur Funf Instrumente† was also a bebop song that was played with extended harmonies and tonal clashes. Some of the non-traditional jazz elements that I heard were played at both of the Jazz Concerts. Susan Acorn played the pedal steel  guitar, which I found to be a non-traditional element. The sound was completely different from what I had ever heard before. At the Jazz Faculty Ensemble, Dave Ballou played the Piccolo Trumpet for the last piece â€Å"Conversion†. The high-pitched sound made the song slur and blend with soft melodies. Listening to each concert, gave me two totally different experiences. The Jazz Residency concert was all improvisations, so it didn’t remind me of any of the music I had heard before. The Jazz Faculty ensemble was a reminder of music styles like Art Tatum, John Coltrane, and Duke Ellington. When they played Hamster in a bucket it’s reminded me of â€Å"In a Mellotone† by Duke Ellinton. Then Dave Ballou played the trumpet in the song â€Å"Cry Baby† like Miles Davis played the trumpet in the song â€Å"So What†. In conclusion, the quality of both performances was outstanding. Each performance was completely different and that’s what I loved. The jazz residency program was completely improvised, leaving me opened and surprised at every note each player chose to play. The Jazz Faculty Ensemble’s songs had a distinctive vibe. They made the sounds of their music come together and I felt the rhythm. I would defiantly pay to see each performance again. I left the concerts smiling, because I felt as if I knew exactly what they were trying to accomplish with their music. The two ensembles I attended featured some of the most talented musicians I ever heard performing at Towson University.

Gp ip4 training and development Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Gp ip4 training and development - Research Paper Example The internet is an appropriate and powerful technology for facilitating the services offered by the sales team in the organization. The internet allows the storage of data and information locally while enabling accessibility from different locations within the organization. Technology is changing the world quite fast, and its wide acceptance will enable easy connectivity with the outside world. It also inspires the revolution of old companies towards technological change and acceptance (Wilson & Wilson, 2012). The issue of equity among the individuals being trained is assured via the use of response forms that entail questionnaires and surveys that participants will fill each day after classroom activity. As the training manager, the implementation of a free and fair learning environment would be encouraged to facilitate easy learning and addressing of individual concerns among the sales team. Guaranteeing that no individual is lagging behind in training would be solved by involving experienced sale representatives in the exercise procedure. In the case any of the participating trainees have a form of disability, for example, a disability that prevents them from sitting for more than 30 minutes at a time, the management team will provide specialized tasks for these individuals. There are specified tasks listed for individuals with disability, for example, ushering in clients at the organizations entrance or sales or customer care stands that offer periodical sitting and standing options (Mukherjee, 2012). The possible issues with training a group of employees in their 20s and 30s is the possibility of disagreement and conflict between the age groups. This might be brought about by the need for displaying competition between the age groups. The organization is on board with the training procedure and it also adheres to the set regulations for performing a human resource exercise for the organization. In

Portfolio management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Portfolio management - Essay Example The most vital decision regarding investing that an investor can make involves the amount of risk he or she is willing to bear. Most investors will want to obtain the highest return for the lowest amount of possible risk. However, there tends to be a trade-off between risk and return, whereby larger returns are generally associated with larger risk. Portfolio management helps to bring together various securities and other assets into portfolios that address investor needs, and then to manage those portfolios in order to achieve investment objectives. Effective asset management revolves around a portfolio manager's ability to assess and effectively manage risk. With the explosion of technology, access to information has increased dramatically at all levels of the investment cycle. It is the job of the portfolio manager to manage the vast array of available information and to transform it into successful investments for the portfolio for which he/she has the remit to manage. Portfolio management has faced lots of ups and downs due to the market turbulences caused by the global market credit crunch. In this following section, the functions and roles played by the portfolio managers are discussed upon.Portfolio management is principally about risk and return strategies. It is concerned with the construction and management of investment assets. There are two fundamental ways that a portfolio manager can add value which are follows ( Lumby, 1994): Strategic diversification- The portfolio manager generates value by effectively exploiting diversification opportunities between the assets in the portfolio. For instance, two stocks that are not well correlated can be combined so as to get more return relative to risk. Alpha return- The second way that fund managers add value is by generating returns that are in excess of what could be obtained by a reasonable combination of the asset classes in the fund. Alpha generation may be due to the relative weight given to each of a series of asset classes at any given time or it may be due to the specific stocks selected within an asset class-finding the best stocks in a sector. Passive portfolios have predictable styles. A passive investor knows exactly what types of securities he or she is invested in. Active managers, on the other hand, can vary the composition of their portfolios significantly over time - a problem known as "style drift". The styles of portfolio management are discussed in the following section. Active portfolio manager An active portfolio manager is one who constantly makes decisions and appraises the value of investments within the portfolio by collecting information, using forecasting techniques, and predicting the future performance of the various asset classes, market sectors, individual equities or assets. His goal is to obtain better performance for the portfolio. He uses personal ability and judgment to select undervalued assets to attempt to outperform the market. The active managers adopt strategies, all involving detailed analysis, as given below (Brentani, C. 2004, p.93): i. Top-down approach- This approach involves assessing the prospects for particular market sectors or countries (depending on the index), following a detailed review of general economic, financial and political factors. Sector weightings may be changed by fund managers depending on their view of the prevailing economic cycle (known as sector rotation). If a recession is likely, shares in consumer sectors such as retailing, homebuilders and motor distributors will be sold and the proceeds reinvested in, say, the food manufacturing sector. A portfolio is then selected of individual shares in the favored

Analytical summary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Analytical summary - Essay Example Just like me, most of them also lack many friends. Adolescence is a difficult stage in human growth thus requiring caution. The quagmire stage presents several identity challenges thus commands close supervision and interactions with adults. Most teenagers experiment with sex a feature that presents myriad risks, as most of such sexual activities are unprotected. Besides the sex, the youngsters experiment with drugs among other contrabands. The fun and agility they attribute to such behaviors entice others into finding such admirable thus recruiting more. The stage just as stated earlier requires close parenting to help determine the close friends of a child since it is in such groups that they access the drugs among other hard substances such as alcohol. However, parenting is equally challenging since each style presents several challenges and may not often be effective. Instead of employing stringent policies at home, parents should engage their children. Through the dialogues and free discussions, children become free with their parents. Parents should permit their children to try some of the activities they caution thus making the children understand their effects and the need to avoid such (Seshadri

Strategic Management Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Strategic Management - Research Proposal Example The signing of new contracts and venturing into new partnerships is a way in which this can be achieved. However, there is the question of the transaction cost. That is to say, the cost incurred during the process of an exchange. Williamson’s transaction cost approach assumes that the transaction is the fundamental unit of analysis and through understanding its economization one is able to evaluate how their governing structures serve in their economization. In short, to understand a transaction, one must scrutinize the terms under which the transaction is taking place and ensure it is in the interest of the business. Asset specificity refers to the features of an asset that make it useful for single or multiple specific purposes and is the most important dimension (The economics of organization: The transaction cost approach – AcaWiki 4). Based on this, the more the specificity of an asset, the lower its chances for resale or redeployment. An example is workers trained to perform only a single task. Uncertainty basically is the state of an asset being unreliable to the goal. Uncertainty differs from risk in that risk can be measured through prior or situational probability while uncertainty is not measurable at all. Being a multidimensional aspect, it holds an important role in the decision making process of the stakeholders, thus must be taken into consideration before contracts are signed. Lastly the frequency is the repeated times in which a transaction will occur between specific or multiple parties. Also, one has to consider the frequency of disturbance in the market. This is to say, the adaptation of the market to the change that is brought about with the transaction. This has to be accounted for, such that it must be known if the transaction is a one time deal or will it will be repeated. Having considered all the above in the for the transaction

Formal report Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Formal report - Assignment Example This study was limited to the evaluation of the effectiveness of Ace distributors’ salespeople. This study was also restricted to dealers operating in three major retail areas, including New York, Chicago, and Dallas. These dealers were selected randomly, and included those from the five leading brands of television in the country, including Todd Manufacturing Company; Apco, Incorporated: Davis Manufacturing Company; and Barr Industries, Incorporated, and Ace Manufacturing. This study may be limited through the insufficient time for doing the work. The scope of this study was wide; hence sufficient time was required for accurate completion of the study. In addition, the topic of study was wide; hence the aspect of subjectivity might have been introduced in the study, and some areas in the scope of the study might have been left out. Furthermore, this study adopted the use of questionnaires as the main data collection instrument in conducting the survey. Since questionnaires must generally be brief, areas that may have influenced effectiveness of distributors’ salespeople may not have been included in the questionnaire. The main goal of this report is to show the effectiveness of Ace distributors’ salespeople. It has become important for the company to launch investigations into the effectiveness of the salespeople, owing to the poor performance of the company in the last three years. Prior to these last three years, the company Ace Manufacturing ranked the top in all the five leading home television brands in the country. However, in the last three years, the performance of this company has dropped, as it currently ranks at position three. The sales activities of a company are key to its performance in the market. On the other hand, the salespeople involved with a company’s sales of products have a direct

Self and Society Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Self and Society - Essay Example Each "healthy" society needs people capable of looking forward into the future and capable of showing us the path that leads outside the polluted atmosphere of intrigues of the group of the "little" people we all belong to. Namely, people who serve the truth and not the group or the public opinion are predecessors of the society who warn us of the dangers on our way to freedom. While the group is characterized with sluggishness and inertia, the individual is capable of rapid changes of his/her opinion towards the light that glows over the new facts and warns of new danger. However, those who serve the truth only, are rare and few. Many philosophers and famous writers have tried to find answers to these and similar questions concerning the individual versus society. Camus, Dostoyevsky, Kafka, Thoreau and Emerson are only a few of those who have tried to criticize the society they have lived in, to cynically laugh at and mock their own time, to warn of the dangers of the moral and ethical erosion they have been witnesses of. Knowing the characteristics of existentialism to which Camus belongs, it is understandable why in his short novel "The Stranger" Albert Camus criticizes the judicial system and depicts the irony of a case when a man is condemned for his indifference and avoidance of societal code. Mersault, the protagonist, is condemned not only by the judge but the spectators in the courtroom as well for something else, that is, his lack of emotional response at his mother's funeral, etc., other than the crime he committed (killing the Arab) and the sentence is for him to be decapitated in the name of many people whom he has never known or whom he will never meet. Mersault is forced to be the outsider when he wants to speak on his behalf. Mersault's story is the story of everyman. To Mersault (i.e. to Camus) life's only meaning is seen from the death point of view. According to Camus, people strive to make their lives meaningful in the face of God but it is absurd, because hope and faith are only p ointless measures constructed by each individual to provide purpose and avoid responsibility. Yet, Mersault is not a person who avoids responsibility for his deeds. On the contrary, he accepts responsibility for what he has done, changes into a person readers would like him to be, i.e. he shows that he is fully capable of feeling, he has emotions, he comes to terms with death, and gives a clear picture of what others are like - people hiding their true selves behind the veal of moral and societal code, when in fact they are nothing else but people full of hatred. "With death so near, Mother must have felt like someone on the brink of freedom, ready to start life all over again. It was as if that great rush of anger had washed me clean, emptied me of hope, and, gazing up at the dark sky spangled with its signs and stars, for the first time, the first, I laid my heart open to the benign indifference of the universe. To feel it so like myself, indeed, so brotherly, made me realize that I'd been happy, and that I was happy still. For all to be accomplished, for me to feel less lonely, all that remained to hope was that on the day of my execution there should be a huge crowd of spectators and that they should greet me with howls of execration" (Camus, "The Stranger", p.76). Does not hatred equal less than zero "Someone must have been telling lies about

Whatever the artical is talking about something over Article

Whatever the artical is talking about something over - Article Example However, Leovy notes that this approach by the police has not yielded positive results in terms of reduction of homicides among the African American community. The article by Leovy has a relationship to economic theory. I find this relationship in the manner in which the proliferation of homicide, which is a crime under the constitution, is prevalent among the African American communities in America, despite the existence of laws and a criminal justice system to deter and deal with such crimes. The economic theory of crime is rooted in the cost benefit relationship. Under this theory, people commit crime rationally when they perceive that doing so will reap more benefits than risks. I find this element in Leovy’s article. The criminals committing murders in the African American community do not perceive greater risks in doing so. They commit the murders because they know that the risk of being brought to justice is low compared to the perceived benefits. For example, if an individual has some grudge with another because of an illegal drug deal, I think he will have more economic reason to eliminate the enemy by murdering him. This w ill be more beneficial in the sense that the individual will have no competition. Yet, the chances of being arrested, taken to court, and sentenced is slim. Therefore, I believe that Leovy’s argument is based on economic theory. However, I believe that if the criminal justice system, particularly the police, responded effectively to murder crimes by arresting the suspects and taking them through the due course of the law, the crime levels would reduce. After all, no individual would want to spend his or her entire life in prison for murder. This will mean that the risk or cost of committing murder will be higher than the perceived crime. In addressing crime from an economic theory perspective, the criminal justice system ought to

Business Technology Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Business Technology Management - Essay Example Other RFID applications include animals and vehicles tracking, wrist and ankle band to provide security for the infants. Many RFID applications are yet to be discovered. In the future, RFID will benefit most industries and government agencies (Hunt et.al, 2007) RFID is the most efficient technology in which many industries have benefited from. It is cost effective, and Wal-mart and Department of Defense has incorporated it into their supply chains. The reason why it is used variedly is due to motivation from shipping, receiving and stocking efficiency, which is increasing. RFID decrease cost of labor and storage. It also reduces the product loss that can be offered by pallet level inventory of visibility. RFID is beneficial though a number of issues have hindered its growth. Failure to organize the RIFD into common standard of technology, lack of hard schedule rollout and economy of scale for RIFD tags has hindered the growth in the industry RFID was perceived very expensive. However, an increase in usage has made it effective in terms of cost. RFID have several advantages, which benefit most companies. It can code every individual RIFD uniquely. Adding data is possible. It also possesses reading possibilities, which are advanced. The companies should use RFID since it can increase distribution and sale productivity. RFID can reduce out of stock, counterfeiting, shrinkage, errors in supply chain. It improves promotional execution and management of inventories. It helps in tracking and managing capital asset and make receiving of accounts very efficient. RFID increase visibility and information sharing within the company and among members of supply of supply chain. It also increases access to real time information, which facilitates fast growth in the companies (Botha et.al, 2008) There is a need for companies to use the RFID. It yields very many benefits though companies might face some disadvantages. Continuous

Cultural Practices that Affect Health Essay Example for Free

Cultural Practices that Affect Health Essay The Community Health Nurse (CHN), an individual who works outside of the hospital setting and typically with a specific community to provide basic health care systems (All Nursing Schools, 2009) can be perceived as the bridge to address the gap between western medicine and cultural traditions. In cases when cultural practices cause physical harm and health risks, the CHN can be the tool to provide information and educate individuals to inform them of the tangible health risks and often permanent damages caused by such practices. What is also important to acknowledge is that there is an imminent health risk that needs to be addressed. According to Megan Costello (2004), in an article about female circumcision, sometimes making a practice illegal does not serve as a good enough deterrent. Costello (2004) explains that what people need is more information to understand the health risks and the unwarranted, in terms of perceived health benefit, practice. In North African countries, an average of 94 percent of women are subjected to female circumcision (Brigham and Women’s Hospital, 2008). In the United States there are an estimated 228,000 girls and women at risk of female circumcision (Brigham and Women’s Hospital, 2008). The CHN through community agencies or organizations can work to create care systems that will facilitate the dissemination of information. The CHN can effect policy change that will bring health care to the disadvantage populations or minority groups, such as refugees, who may have little understanding of western health care systems. Essentially, to address the gap between large health care institution and individual members of small communities, the CHN has the task of developing a system that will inform members of these groups of the serious harm caused by their practices. Similarly, the CHN through the same system can protect the young adults often subjected to these traditional practices. In the case of female circumcision, Bien Aime of Equality Now (quoted in Costello, 2004) says, â€Å"†¦ people need education. We need people on the ground who have access to girls and young women at risk, to help them understand that not only is this procedure against the law, but also that there are harmful effects. † As more and more cultures and ethnic backgrounds are assimilated through migration activities there is a need to provide health care that is culturally competent. The CHN becomes integral in the task of providing adequate care to all individuals with equity regardless of cultural or ethnic backgrounds through a sensitive approach. In cases where the cultural practice causes permanent injuries and prolonged negative complications to health the CHN can contribute to changing these practices. References All Nursing Schools. (2009). Become a Community Health Nurse. All Nursing Schools. Retrieved March 7, 2009, from http://www. allnursingschools. com/faqs/community-health-nurse. php Brigham and Women’s Hospital. (2008). African Women’s Health Center. Brigham and Women’s Hospital. Retrieved March 7, 2009 from http://www. brighamandwomens. org/africanwomenscenter/FGCprevalence. aspx and http://www. brighamandwomens. org/africanwomenscenter/education. aspx? subID=submenu4 Costello, A. (2004, February 19). Two in U. S. Accused of Genital Mutilation. Women’s E News. Retrieved March 7, 2009 from http://www. womensenews. org/article. cfm/dyn/aid/1718

Effectiveness of Guidelines in Improving Patient Care

Effectiveness of Guidelines in Improving Patient Care This brief considers the empirical literature on the use of clinical guidelines in patient care. It is argued that negative guideline characteristics and justified concerns amongst doctors negate satisfactory adherence. Clinical guidelines have been part of the UK landscape for many decades, as a means of improving health care for patients (Woolf et al, 1999). Research evidence suggests that a significant proportion of physicians do not adhere to clinical guidelines in patient care (e.g. Grol et al, 1998; Forsythe et al, 1999; Sherr et al, 2001; White, 2001; Thomas et al, 2003). Sherr et al (2001) investigated adherence of Obstetric Units in the UK and Eire to antenatal HIV testing policies. The Department of Health and Royal College of Obstetricians have both issued specified guidelines, which require that antenatal HIV testing be offered to all pregnant women, and adherence to these benchmarks has generated some debate. Data from 89% of antenatal units was analysed. Only 10% of units offered testing to all presenting women, and these units were concentrated in areas of high HIV prevalence (i.e. London). Other units operated selective screening policies (offering antenatal testing to some women, identified on the basis of clinical criteria) or ‘on request’ screening. Forsythe et al (1999) studied adherence of senior NHS staff (consultants, general practitioners) towards BMA guidelines on the ethical responsibilities doctors have towards themselves and their families. The Academy of Royal Medical Colleges, and the General Medical Council both endorse these guidelines, which generally require that doctors do not assume responsibility for their own personal (or family’s) health care. Questionnaire data was collected from four randomly chosen NHS Trusts and three local medical communities in the London (South Thames) area. Personal use of health services was the outcome measure. Results showed that although most doctors (96%) were registered with a GP, the majority (63% of GPs and 59% of consultants) had not consulted their GP in the past year. Almost a quarter (24%) of consultants stated they would never see a GP before obtaining consultant advice. The majority (71% of GPs and 76% of consultants) self-prescribed drugs ‘usually’ or ‘sometimes’. Forsythe et al (1999) concluded â€Å"senior doctors are not following the BMA guidelines on looking after their own and their families health† (p.608). Clinical guidelines are thought to have significant benefits for patient care (Woolf et al, 1999). However, research findings on the impact of guidelines are mixed (Morrison et al, 2001; Bennewith et al, 2002; Bousquet et al, 2003). Bousquet et al (2003) conducted a randomised controlled trial assessing the value of guidelines of the International Consensus on Rhinitis (ICR) in caring for patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis. GPs were randomised into two groups: one group followed ICR guidelines (patients received an oral anti-histamine, a topical corticosteroid, and/or a topical ocular cromone) while the other group were free to choose appropriate treatment for patients. Outcome measures were degree of impairment[1] and symptom medication scores. Patients treated by the guidelines strategy GPs generated lower symptom scores over a three-week period compared with patients assigned to free-choice GPs. Furthermore, patients in the guideline group reported greater reductions in their degree of impairment compared to the free choice group. This trial clearly demonstrated the benefits for patients of implementing clinical guidelines. Diggory et al (2003) reviewed the results of five audits relating to cardiovascular-pulmonary resuscitation (CPR) at the Mayday University Hospital. At least one audit focused on doctors’ adherence to elderly care policy and guidelines recommended by the Royal College of Physicians. Documentation of a CPR decision, review of all patients, and documentation of any changes to the CPR decision became policy in the emergency department. CPR decisions were documented by both trainee doctors and consultants for >91% of cases. Consultants reviewed 93% of patients within 24hours, and documented a CPR decision in 81% of cases. Benefits for patients seemed to present in a reduction in DNAR[2] orders. Other research suggests that the benefits of guideline adherence for patients may be more limited. Morrison et al (2001; Bennewith et al, 2002) assessed the impact of clinical guidelines for the management of infertility, in both primary and secondary care settings. . Figure 1 Clinical investigations completed for intervention and control practices (Morrison et al, 2001) Over 200 general practices and NHS hospitals accepting referrals for infertility in Greater Glasgow were randomised to a control or intervention condition. The intervention group received clinical guidelines. No group differences were found in referral rates, albeit referrals from intervention practices were more complete, incorporating all essential clinical investigations (e.g. semen analysis, rubella immunity) (see Figure 1). No group differences emerged in the percentage of referrals in which a management plan was achieved within one year, in the mean duration between first appointment and date of management plan, and costs of referrals. On the whole, this study demonstrates a differential effect of guideline adherence across different criteria of patient care. Despite the (modest) increase in the number of recommended clinical investigations performed prior to referral, clinical guidelines were no more cost effective than having no guidelines. Overall, research findings are mixed regarding the benefits of guideline adherence for patient. Nevertheless, improvements in some aspects of care have been demonstrated. What guideline characteristics are pertinent to adherence? Michie et al (2004) assessed the reasons why GPs do not always conform to guidelines. The focus was on guidelines set by the UKs National Service Framework (NSF) for Coronary Heart Disease (CHD). London based GPs, who were classified as either ‘high implementers’ (adhered to five or more of 6 CHD standards) or ‘low implementers’ (adhered to 1 or 2 guidelines), were interviewed on their beliefs, self-reported behaviours, and organisational context. Several issues differentiated the two groups: views about evidence based practice; control over clinical practice; and the repercussions of adhering to guidelines. Low implementers were more sceptical about evidence-based practice, more worried about the lack of control over the development and implementation of guidelines, and their own professional duties as doctors, and adverse consequences for GPs/patients that outweigh any benefits. This study highlights the importance of GP attitudes towards guideline adherence. Irani et al (2003) emphasised the methodological characteristics of the guidelines themselves. They assessed the quality of national clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) on benign prostatic hyperplasia, and lower urinary tract symptoms. Two independent assessors appraised methodological quality of the CPGs using the St.Georges Hospital Medical School Health Care Evaluation Unit Appraisal Instrument. This tool incorporates items gauging three criteria: rigour of development (e.g. ‘Is there a description of the sources of information used to select the evidence on which the recommendations are based?’), context and content (e.g. ‘Is there a satisfactory description of the patients to which the guidelines are meant to apply?’), and clinical application (‘Does the guideline document suggest possible methods for dissemination and implementation?’). Analysis revealed substantial variability in quality across CPGs. Grol et al (1998) found an association between guideline characteristics and adherence. An observation design was used to study 47 specific recommendations from 10 clinical guidelines in relation to 12 different guideline characteristics. For example, evidence base, clinical experience, concerned with daily practice, and ambiguity. Regression analysis revealed three key characteristics that predicted most of the variance in compliance rate: ‘the recommendation is vague and not precisely defined’, ‘the recommendation demands change of fixed routines’, and ‘the recommendation is controversial and not compatible with current values’. Figure 2 Rates of compliance across guideline attributes (present or absent) (Grol et al, 1998) Figure 2 illustrates differentials in adherence rates as a function of the presence or absence of different guideline attributes. In general practitioners were more likely to comply in the presence of an evidence base, capacity to solve clinical problems, precisely described, and media publicity. Compliance was also more probable in the absence of capacity to provoke patients, requiring change to clinical routines, significant consequences for management, demanding new skills/training, controversy, complexity, and ambiguity. Clinical guidelines in the UK have historically been prescribed by a multiplicity of agencies, notably the Department of Health, and profession-specific bodies, such as the Royal College or Surgeons, Royal College of Nursing, and British Medical Association. The National Centre for Clinical Excellence (NICE) currently sets clinical guidelines. This body continually publishes benchmarks for most areas of clinical practice. The Department of Health has also established Essence of Care standards, which have a more generic focus (DOH, 2003). Guidelines are purportedly based on empirical evidence, notably randomised control trials, hence satisfying the requirement for evidence-based practice. However, reservations amongst GPs about the notion of evidence-based guidelines, which often fall outside their clinical experience, has been identified as one reason for low adherence amongst doctors (The BRIDGE Study Group, 2002; Michie et al, 2004). GP scepticism is partly justified. Morice and Parry-Billings (2006) discuss the validity of such ‘evidence’, identifying several important important issues. Firstly, NICE, the DOH, and other relevant prescribing bodies rely on clinical trials, many of which select patient groups â€Å"to give the trial treatment maximum scope to show an effect†. Then there is publication bias –studies showing positive or dramatic effects are more likely to be published than studies showing no difference/effect. Guidelines are often linked to meta-analyses, which by definition will be ‘infected’ by the research biases already mentioned. What is worrying is that many national guidelines are adapted locally, in the form of hospital policy (e.g. Sherr et al, 2001; Diggory et al, 2003), and these adaptations may have an even weaker evidence base than the national benchmarks set by NICE, DOH, and other prescribers. None of this is likely to improve GPs attitudes towards guideline adherence. Do doctors need guidelines? In a discussion of heart disease regulations in the UK, Petch (2002) argued that the specification of treatment criteria has not been very successful in the USA and other countries. Adherence to guidelines is criticised on three grounds. Firstly, guidelines imply universal health care, an ideal most nations cannot afford, least of all the UK, which relies on rationing (i.e. waiting) due to limited health resources. Attempting to implement similar standards for every single patient is expensive. Secondly, recommended treatments can often have complications/side effects, so that certain treatments may be inappropriate for certain patients, but yet be a mandatory therapy, which the doctor is compelled to follow regardless. Thirdly, administering the same treatment to all patients is not cost-effective. The treatment may not benefit every patient. It is usually not clear â€Å"which patients will benefit from which drugs and hence the victim of a heart attack will be recommended to take aspirin, a statin, a ÃŽ ² blocker, and an angiotensin converting inhibitor, in addition to other drugs†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (p.474). Nevertheless, guidelines remain an integral element of patient care. This raises an important question: what kind of support do GPs require in order to adhere to guidelines? Marshall et al (2001) investigated factors that facilitate guideline acceptance in health professionals. Representatives from general practices in the NHS Northern and Yorkshire region were interviewed. Thematic analysis highlighted several issues including the need for training (staff often lacked the requisite clinical expertise to implement some guidelines), a conflict between responsibility and control (nurses/doctors are responsible for implementing criteria, but have no say over resource allocation), the and ‘cul-de-sac’ of patient non-compliance (e.g. little can be done if patients refuse treatment, and this is interpreted as failure of staff to adhere to guidelines). CONCLUSION Several key issues have emerged from this review. Firstly, research findings are mixed regarding the benefits of clinical guidelines for patient care. There is clearly a need for more randomised controlled trials. The benefits for patients probably vary across disease types, clinical setting, and doctor and patient characteristics. Doctors have serious concerns about the use of guidelines in patient care, and these reservations are mostly justified. Perhaps the most defensible concerns relate to questionable evidence base, the need to account for differences in how individual patients respond to treatment, and poor guideline characteristics, such as ambiguity. Unsatisfactory guideline implementation by doctors will probably persist until these problems are fully addressed by NICE and the Department of Health. BIBLIOGRAPHY Bennewith, O., Stocks, N., Gunnell, D., Peters, T.J., Evans, M.O. Sharp, D.J. (2002) General practice based intervention to prevent repeat episodes of deliberate self harm: cluster randomised controlled trial. British Medical  Journal, 324, p.1254. Bousquet, J., Lund, V.J., van Cauwenberge, P., Bremard-Oury, C., Mounedi, N., Stevens, M.T. El-Akkad, T. (2003) Implementation of guidelines for seasonal allergic rhinitis: a randomised controlled trial. Allergy, 58, pp.733-741. Diggory, P., Cauchi, L., Griffith, D., Jones, V., Lawrence, E., Mehta, A., O’Mahony, P. Vigus, J. (2003) The influence of new guidelines on cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) decisions. Five cycles of audit of a clerk proforma which included a resuscitation decision. Resuscitation, 56, pp.159-165. Forsythe, M., Calnan, M. Wall, B. (1999) Doctors as patients: postal survey examining consultants and general practitioners adherence to guidelines.  British Medical Journal, 319, pp.605-608. Grol, R., Dalhuijsen, J., Thomas, S., Veld, C.I., Rutten, G. Mokkink, H. (1998) Attributes of clinical guidelines that influence use of guidelines in general practice: observational study. British Medical Journal, 317, pp.858-861. Irani, J., Brown, C.T., van der Meulen, J. Emberton, M. (2003) A review of guidelines on benign prostatic hyperplasia and lower urinary tract symptoms: are all guidelines the same? British Journal of Urology, 92, pp.937-942. Marshall, J.L., Mead, P., Jones, K., Kaba, E. Roberts, A.P. (2001) The implementation of venous leg ulcer guidelines: process analysis of the intervention used in a multi-centre, pragmatic, randomised, controlled trial.  Journal of Clinical Nursing, 10, pp.758-766. Michie, S., Hendy, J., Smith, J. Adshead, F. (2004) Evidence into practice: a theory based study of achieving national health targets in primary care. Journal of  Evaluation in Clinical Practice, 10, pp.447-456. Morice, A.H. Parry-Billings, M. (2006) Evidence based guidelines – a step too far?  Pulmonary Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 19, pp.230-232. Morrison, J., Carroll, L., Twaddle, S., Cameron, I., Grimshaw, J., Leyland, A., Baillie, H. Watt, G. (2001) Pragmatic randomised controlled trial to evaluate guidelines for the management of infertility across the primary care-secondary care interface. British Medical Journal, 322, pp.1-5. Petch, M.C. (2002) Heart disease guidelines, regulations, and the law. Heart, 87, pp.472-479. Sherr, L., Bergenstrom, A., Bell, E., McCann, E. Hudson, C.N. (2001) Adherence to policy guidelines – a review of HIV ante-natal screening policies in the UK and Eire. Psychology, Health and Medicine, 6, pp.463-471. The BRIDGE Study Group (2002) Responses of primary health care professionals to UK national guidelines on the management and referral of women with breast conditions. Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice, 8, pp.319-325. Thomas, A.N., Pilkington, C.E. Greer, R. (2003) Critical incident reporting in UK intensive care units: a postal survey. Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice, 9, pp.59-68. White, S.M. (2001) An audit of audit and continued educational and professional development. Anaesthesia, 56, pp.1003-1004. Woolf, S.H., Grol, R., Hutchinson, A., Eccles, M. Grimshaw, J. (1999) Clinical guidelines: potential benefits, limitations, and harms of clinical guidelines.  British Medical Journal, 318, pp.527-530. Footnotes [1] Using the Standardised Rhinoconjunctivitis Quality of Life Questionnaire (RQLQ). [2] ‘Do not attempt resuscitation’

What is Federalism?

What is Federalism? Federalism is a political system in which ultimate authority is shared between a central government and state or regional governments. Federalism is one of the two major principles based on the American version of representative democracy that distribute power, the other is separation of power. The political authority in America is divided between national and state governments this division is called federalism (Wilson, 2014). How federalism has evolved from its origins to the American political system of today The United States started off with a group of colonies that were under a British unitary system. The British government viewed it as a centralized power, a threat to their rights and liberties. The Constitutional Convention held in Philadelphia in 1787 faced the major problem of how to restrict the power of the central government and still provide it with the necessary power to protect national interests. The solution was to divide power between national and state levels of government resulting in federalism (Bodenhamer). When the Revolution was carried out the United States became a confederation covered by the Articles of Confederation. This system became unsuccessful so it was transformed into a federal system by the Constitution (Mount, 2010). The drafting of the Constitution by the Framers was opposed to by Antifederalist. The Framers thought it gave the national government too much power. The framers intended federalism to be a device for protecting personal liberty (Wilson, 20 14). Since the United States implemented federalism in 1787, it has progressed. Over time two major kinds of federalism have dominated the political theory. A debate over the meaning of federalism began after the Civil war, focusing on the interpretation of Article I, section 8 of the Constitution, the commerce clause. Out of this debate came the doctrine of dual federalism in which the national and state governments have defined areas of authority and separately especially over commerce. Congress would regulate interstate commerce and states would regulate intrastate commerce and each would be defined by the Supreme Court. They must defer single state commerce over to the state authority. States depend on the power of the federal government over foreign and military relations, state and foreign commerce. The second major kind of federalism involved the last paragraph of Article I, section 8 of the Constitution authorizing Congress to pass all laws deemed â€Å"necessary and proper† in carrying out the enumerated powers (Wilson, 2014). Today the federal government responsibilities are those that traditionally were the authority of the state government. They include education, social welfare policy, health care, and minimum wage. The growth of the federal government has caused an increase in spending, adjustments for inflation affecting state and local government. The full-time civilian workforce of the federal government is about the same as it was in 1960, while state and local government full-time workforce has more than doubled since 1960. The federal-state relation handles most national laws and policies. This complex relation in whole or partly fund, shape and administer programs. In American politics federalism has been central. The federal government depends on the states to provide senators and representatives through elections (Wilson, 2014). Factors that have allowed the concept of federalism to shape American political behavior Federalism political significance defines political justice, shapes political behavior, and directs humans towards a suitably civic combination of the two. The idea of federalism is important to the law of natural in defining justice and the natural right in defining the origins and proper constitution of political society. Federalism as a form of political organization has grown as a factor shaping political behavior. Federalism is a political force because it serves the principle that there are no simple majorities or minorities, but that all majorities consist of a collection of individuals and the consequence principle of minority rights not only protecting the possibility for minorities to preserve themselves but forces majorities to be combined rather than artificially simple. It serves those principles by emphasizing the consensual basis of the political entity and the importance of liberty in the constitution and maintenance of democratic republics. Both principles are especi ally important in an increasingly complex and interdependent world, where all people must live together, whether they like it or not and even desire to do so by majority vote. It is not surprising that people and states throughout the world are looking for federal solutions to the problems of political incorporation within a democratic framework. Federalism involves some type of contractual relationship of a presumably permanent characteristic that provides for power sharing, division around issues of sovereignty, and supplements, but does not seek to replace or diminish prior organic ties that they exist (Elazar, 1991). Factors that illustrate how the relationship between the states and the U. S. Federal government influences the creation of American policies overall In the original Constitution before the bill of rights the Framers attempted to define the relationship between the states and the federal government. In it the states powers were restricted. The relationship between the states and the U. S. Federal government influences American policies in that it clearly defines that people want local control over its police and schools, but the local control over their governmental services have been reduced by the federal regulations development of federal grants in aid (Wilson, 2014). In the United States the laws and actions citizens encounter on a daily basis involve all three levels of government. Zoning, traffic control, sanitation, educational administration, street repair and other services are primarily managed by local officials on the authority granted to them by the state. Voting procedures differ from state to state. Educational policies, criminal justice, business and professional regulation, public health and other important issues are under the control of the state government. Defense, foreign affairs, economic, monetary policy, welfare reform are all actions of national government. National government laws apply to individuals living within the national boundaries. State laws apply to the resident of those states. The constitution is the source of authority for national and state government reflecting the will of the people (Bodenhamer). The central government has defined powers in a federal nation, and has full authority over external affairs. The constitution gives the government exclusive power to regulate interstate and foreign commerce, coin money, provide the naturalization of immigrants, and maintenance of the military. The United States guarantees states a republican form of government ensuring that states cannot create a monarchy. The national government has judicial authority that resolves controversies between the states and between the citizens of different states. State and central governments may differ in areas of domestic policy where they have overlapping interests and needs. The state and national government can exercise power at the same time as in the parallel power to tax. Issues regarding national authority, not addressed by the constitution allows the states to take action as long as it does not conflict with the powers legally exercise by the central government. Issues on education, crime and punishment, health and safety and other important matters affecting the daily lives of citizens the constitution does not assign responsibility (Bodenhamer). Recognizing the potential for conflict surrounding concurrent power among levels of government the framers adopted measures to avoid them making the U. S. Constitution supreme over state constitutions enforceable through federal courts. The clause declared that the actions of the national government supreme whenever its power conflicted with the legitimate actions of the state. It also clearly prohibited states from exercising powers that were granted to the central government. In ratifying the Constitution the framers supported the bill of rights, the first ten amendments in efforts to restrain national governments from interfering with individual liberties. By listing the mutual obligations that each state owed each other the Constitution laid the ground rules for the relationship among the states. Finding the correct balance between national and state powers continues to be an issue in American politics. With each generation social and economic changes occur, there are shifts in p olitical values and the changing role the nation plays in the world will require changes and adjustments in how we treat federalism (Bodenhamer). Conclusion The agreement of the Constitution established a union of states under a federal system of governance. The Constitution has been debating over the issues of powers, privileges, duties, and responsibilities granted to national governments and reserved for the states and its people have shaped and been shaped by the nation’s political, social, and economic history of the United States (Boyd, 1997). The characteristics of federalism suits the changing nature of American society. The flexibility of the Constitution allows the nation to respond to changing circumstances (Bodenhamer). References Bodenhamer, D. J. (n.d.). Federalism Democracy. Retrieved August 7, 2014, from AIT website: http://www.ait.org.tw/infouse/zhtw/docs/demopaper/dmpaper4.html Boyd, E. (1997, January 6). American Federalism, 1779 to 1997: Significant Events. Retrieved August 8, 2014, from US Embassy: http://usa.usembassy.de/etexts/gov/federal.htm Elazar, D. (1991). Exploring Federalism. University of Alabama Press. Mount, S. (2010, January 24). Constitutional Topic: Federalism. Retrieved August 7, 2014, from U. S. Constitution: http://www.usconstitution.net/consttop_duep.html Wilson, J. Q. (2014). American Government: Brief version (11th ed.). Boston, MA: Cengage.

drugs in sports :: essays research papers fc

From the beginning of time sports have been around. It is the competition that everyone loves. The feeling of winning makes many people do anything to achieve it. Even if this means one must cheat to win. Cheating is monitored in professional sports by the use of referees or umpires. With the discovery of many â€Å"nutritional† supplements, many new forms of cheating have arisen that cannot be monitored on the field. Many players used and still use steroids to enhance their muscles so they are stronger during game play. Many random drug tests have been instituted to cut the number of people using steroids down. There are many other supplements that basically do the same thing as steroids that these players use. More and more are becoming illegal in professional sports. And people still use them. Illegal drugs to enhance one’s performance are illegal, therefore when people use them they are cheating. They have created an unfair advantage for themselves illegally. These people using these drugs should be banned from their sport. Professional sports players get paid to play a sport. What more could they want? It is every kids dream. It they cannot play with out cheating they should not have the privilidge of playing at all. There have been many cases in professional sports where athletes have been caught for using illegal drugs that enhance their performance. Often players even use illegal drugs that have no benefit on their performance. These drugs are illegal to everyone, but it seems that when professional athletes get caught using them they don’t get as harsh of a punishment as an average person because of their fame. Steve Howe received seven lifetime suspensions from Major League Baseball. For some reason that does not appear to be possible. If an average person was caught doing so they would be in jail. It is disappointing to see professional athletes receive special treatment because of their fame. They have a good profession; why would they risk it by using drugs?

Self-portraits - Van Gogh And Rembrandt Essay -- essays research paper

Each artist is an individual with a unique style, and although these styles can be similar in practice – the individuality of the artist often proves the discriminating factor for a successful artwork. Self-portraits are beneficial when looking at the individuality of the artist as there are two aspects to look at – the artist’s style, and the artist’s view of him/herself. The latter can provide a brief insight into the mental situation of the artist as well as any apparent influencing factors of the artwork. This view can often also include fragmental insights into the society and culture of the time. Rembrandt van Rijn and Vincent van Gogh are 2 artists of whom are well represented by this statement. Rembrandt was born into a Dutch society of the Baroque era . This time period influenced his style of artwork heavily as these were the Post-High Renaissance years. This meant that the accepted artworks of the society at the time were religiously based works influenced by the efforts of the Reformation which was also occurring at the time. This meant that Rembrandt painted his works using religious artwork methods such as the art of chiaroscuro, strategically planning the composition of light and dark to give the figures an enlightened or holy appearance. Therefore when Rembrandt painted self-portraits he carried over these methods, painting himself in this almost holy presence with the use of chiaroscuro. The self-portraits show a vast expressiveness that make the works succ...

Improve my writing skills

Most famous music curses of all the time The â€Å"Gloomy Sunday' Curse â€Å"Gloomy Sunday† was a song written by Roses Serves, a Hungarian composer . The break-up with his girlfriend in 1933 left him such depression that he wrote this obsessive sorrowful melody. A few months after Gloomy Sunday's coming-out, a record label agreed to buy † the dead song† and published it in many big cites in the world.However, Serves turned out to be a very unlucky man. Weeks after the publishable of Gloomy Sunday, there was many scary strange stories around it. In Berlin, a man complained to his friends that he was really obsessed by Its disconsolate melody and lyric. He was soon diagnosed with autism and then ended his life with a gun. Just about one or two days later, again in Berlin, the police found a girl hanging herself in her own room and surprisingly, there was a piece of the song's lyrics on her bed .In the same year, hundreds of cases like that happened in Hungary, Fra nce and America, then spreader to the whole world. In many nations, Gloomy Sunday was even banned but the more it was banned, the more popular it became. In January 1968, Serves also committed suicide . It sounds disgusting and unbelievable, right? I must admit that the melody is very scaring but then nothing happened to me. I'm still alive and I'm standing here, talking with you. Researchers showed that music can have an extraordinary impact on humans' behavior.At that time, America and the Europe was in such a hard period that the economic crisis, unemployment and war increasing had a strong effect on people's spirit, pushed them Into a state of pessimism and depression In life. In conclusion, Gloomy Sunday used to be regarded as the last straw that broke the camel's back, but finally, there's o curse or no secret around this song. Now, we can freely enjoy it. The â€Å"Buddy Hold Curse February 3, 1 959 Is commonly referred to as The Day The Music Died, because on that day, one of the rockers who had pooled in the trend of rock and roll , died In a plane crush during The Winter Dance Party tour.It also is known as the start of the â€Å"Buddy Holly Curse,† as many musicians and people involved in Holly and his music have also met untimely deaths. For example, Ronnie Smith, the vocalist who was hired to replace Holly on the tour. Became a spectrally patient after the last performance, ND a few years later suicide. Then, David Box, a member of Holly's band, also tried to start a solo career, but like Holly he died in a plane crash at the exact same age of 22. After Holly's death, his wife miscarried their only child.From there, the curse spread to Gene Vincent and Eddie Cochran, who both were very close to Holly. Another unlucky man who reportedly went out to see the film about this rocker, The Buddy Holly Story on September 7, died exact on Holly's birthday! The â€Å"Robert Johnson† Curse Have you ever heard about Robert Johnson? He is known for his â€Å"curse† almost as 1 OFF Mississippi Delta blues style . The story of the curse is that Johnson met a large black man ( the Devil) at a crossroads on the outskirts of some unknown town, at midnight .It was at that crossroad where he exchanged his soul for the Devil to become a great blues performer. Of course , it was only a rumor until people gradually believed the curse when Robert Johnson died at his 27, also at a crossroad! Moreover, many artists like Lanyard Snyder and The Allan Brothers died after covering Roberts famous song † the Crossroad†. Some said the situation could have been a coincidence, but for entries, no one could explain why so many people who involved Robert Johnson died at the same years.The â€Å"Flowerpot Mac band † Curse There have been stories of many cursed bands,however, the most famous of the cursed bands would have to be Flowerpot Mac, whose album Rumors sold over 19 million albums in the US. Flowerpot Mac was actua lly founded by Peter Green, who took too much acid in 1970, left the band, and was committed to a mental hospital. Then, slide guitarist Jerry Spencer took too much drug in 1971 and Joined a sex cult ( gig phi) 2 years later on a tour, then-guitarist Danny had strange gestures like peeping beating his head against the wall and unconsciously making fun of the band to the audience.It was so sad that later he became a criminal and ended up dying homeless. Do you see a pattern here? More recently, the guitarist Bob Weston died of an aneurysm( etc Eng much) in 2012, and in the same year the second guitarist Bob Welsh killed himself because of clinical depression.

Legal Environment of Business

pic B?BS Legal environment of business alkali Assignment Seminar leader Margit Racz Student spend a penny Nurl?n S. Kurm?l?y?v Contents 1. mental hospital.. .. . 3 2. The radical inn of Hungary.. .. .. . 3 1. bless.. .. 3 2. transaction tasks.. 3 3. Judicial magnate. .. . 4 3. The thoroughgoing order of the EU. . . 4 1. Legislation. . .. . 4 2. represent tasks.. . .. . 5 3. Judicial index finger. . .. 5 4. Conclusions (similarities + differences). . 6 5. Reference. 7 Introduction Aim law of nature is a trunk of rules usu al iodiny enforced through a set of refuges. It shapes politics, sparings and society in numerous ways and serves as a ancient social mediator of transaction between people. The aim of this assignment is to criticism and make comparative analysis of the perfect order of the Republic of Hungary and European trades union. prey of this work Give clear taste about the constitutional order of Hungary and European amount of money Highlight diff erences and similarities Make a conclusion The constitutional order of Hungary Legislation Hungarian parliament is unicameral, 386 fraction highest electronic organ of the state power who en accepteds the constitutional order of society and determines orientation, organization and conditions of authorities. Its members argon take for four-year term. The primary(prenominal) tasks atomic number 18 initiation immature impartialitys, draw and quartering reasoned philosophys, electing public persons and approving figure. sole(prenominal) fan tan has exclusive right to pass the honor.After passing the legalitys the Speaker of fantan sign the law and send it to hot seat of the Hungary. The President ensures promulgation of the law. Then the law must be promulgated in the Official Gazette. The briny tasks and responsibilities Passing the law Ensures the carrying out of the laws Electing public persons (President of the Republic, the choice government minister, the oecumenic Prosecutor, the members of the piece of musical tap, the President and Vice-Presidents of the State examine Board, the President of the Supreme Court and the ombudsmen) authorize budget Concluding world(prenominal) agreements Ensures the expanding upon of economical, cultural and social plans and control of their capital punishment Coordinates the work of national organs and ministries motion tasks Execution tasks are managed by Government. And this place divides into twain chthonianlying and local anaesthetic level. The central authority is central policy- reservation and its briny executive bodies. The members of the government are Prime look and the ministers. Role of the Prime Minister is very igh he is liable for all government policies including activities of other members of the government. As a mention above he choose by fantan. Other members also responsible for their works and must report on their activities to the fantan and Government itse lf. The principal(prenominal) tasks and responsibilities Initiating innovative laws commanding and supervising the legal operating theater of local government in cooperation with the Minister of the Internal Affairs Ensure the implementation of the law Directing and coordinating the work of the ministries and other central offices placed under its direct watch Formulating the social and economic policies, defining the state system of social welfare and health care services, and ensuring suitable funds for such services Controlling the armed forces operations Judicial power Hungarian justice is administered by the accosts. Aims of these courts are to protect the rights and law-abiding interests of citizens, ensure constitutional order and punish the perpetrators of criminal offences. fair play of the decisions of public administration is also administer by courts.Court system in the Republic of the Hungary divides into two 1. Ordinary courts, 2. picky courts. The or dinary courts are directd on four levels the Judgment Boards, the Court of the majuscule and the county courts, the Supreme Court of the Republic of Hungary and the put up but not the least is local courts. The constitutional order of European man and wife Legislation There are two bodies responsible for the legislative tasks in the EU. foremost wholeness is TheCouncil of the European coupler(officially theCounciland usually referred to as theCouncil of Ministers) is the principal ecision-making insertionof theEuropean Union. The Council is composed of twenty-sevennational ministers. The primary bearing of the Council is to act as one of the two chambers of theEUs legislative section. The Council is the chief(prenominal) law-making body of the EU (on the initiative of the care and in co-decision with the European sevens). The Council is based in Brussels, but meets at fixed intervals in Luxembourg. Second body responsible for legislative task is European Parliament. Th eEuropean Parliamentis the at one time electedparliamentaryinstitution of theEuropean Union.Its essential function is to let out the will of the Unions citizen in the Community decision-making process hand-in-hand with the Council, representing the interests of the division States. in concert with the Council of the European Union, it forms thebicamerallegislative branch of the EUand has been described as one of the most powerful legislatures in the world. The Parliament is composed of 736 particle of the European Parliament. It has been directly elected every five geezerhood byuniversal suffrage. Also the Parliament shares budgetary powers with the Council. It is situated in Strasbourg.The main tasks and responsibilities The Council Adopts the annual European Union budged with the European Parliament Determines European rushs internal and remote policy Coordinating actions and policies of the Member States Represents EU in relations with states and international organizat ions and signs international treaties on behalf of the EC The Parliament Enacts the EU legislation Adopts the EU budget (with the Council) Shares concluding decision on most proposals with Council (co-decision procedure) commendation of international agreements Political control and supervision of the thrill Political control of the Council in external relations by talent assent to all international treaties gestural by the Council on behalf of the EC Execution tasks Execution tasks of theEuropean Union are handling by theEuropean Commission. The Commission is independent of national governments. Main purpose is to represent and uphold the interests of the Union in world(a). The Commission is responsible for implementing the decisions of Parliament and the Council.In two words Commission managing the general day-to-day running of the Union care implementing its policies, running its economical, cultural and social plans, outlay its funds and so long. The Commission operat es as acabinet government, with 27Commissioners (one per state). The Commissioners and their warm teams are based inBrussels. The main tasks and responsibilities Propose legislation to European Parliament and European Council Implements European policies and programs Executes the European budget Oversees policies of the MS Enforce European law (jointly with the Court of justice) Administrate external affairs Judicial power TheEuropean Court of Justice is thehighest courtin the European Union in matters ofEuropean Union law. Its main purpose is to make sure that European legislation is interpreted and employ in the same way in all European countries, so that the law is decent for everyone. The European Court of Justice was established in 1952 and is based inLuxembourg. The ECJ comprises one reckon from each Member State, nominated by national governments and institute by the common accord of the governments of the Member States.The judges select one member to be the Presid ent for three years. The main tasks and responsibilities In cooperation with the national courts unifying interpretation of European law through introductory ruling procedure Adjudicates actions filed against European institution or Member State Adjudicates legal disputes between the European employees and European institutions Conclusions (similarities + differences) The equivalence of Hungarian and European legislative bodies shows that in Hungary save one legislative authority (the Parliament) and in European Union two (the Council and the Parliament).However their tasks and responsibilities are almost same, with any(prenominal) specific aspects. In Hungarian Parliament all members are elected by citizens, while in European Union only Parliaments members are elected by citizens of Member States. Further I demand to consider differences and similarities of the executive power of Hungary and European Union. Main difference is their competences, in Hungary Government get a longs the law while European Commission only supervising this process.But general Government of Hungary and European Commission execute almost the same government tasks (approving the budget, implementing policies and programs and so long). Judicial power of the Hungary aimed to protect the rights and lawful interests of citizens, ensure constitutional order and punish the perpetrators of criminal offences. This court divides into ordinary court and special court. And European Court of Justices is tasked with translation European Union law and ensuring its equal application across allEuropean member states. It is composed of one judge per member state currently 27.In conclusion I want to secernate that differences in structure and organization of legislation, exertion and judicial power are coming from the point that Hungary as a iodine country must organize such processes only for themselves, taking into written report only their interests. And European Union must organize t hose processes for whole Union taking into account interests of all Member States. E. g. Law making process in European Union is complicated. Because it must involves the interests of the member states in the Council and the Parliament, with the interests of the Commission.This is a reason why the constitutional order of the European Union is bigger and more than complicated. Reference 1. Nigel Foster (2008) EU Law Directions. OUP Oxford Press. 2. Philip Norton (2003) National parliaments and the European Union, managerial Law, vol. 45, issue 5/6, page 5-25 The Constitution of the Republic of Hungary online. Accessed 9th April 2010. operational from World gigantic entanglement 3. Summaries of EU legislation online. Accessed tenth April 2010. Available from World Wide Web 4. The European Union online. Accessed 10th April 2010. Available from World Wide Web http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/European_Union

Region – Cagayan Valley

intimately of the region remains in a large valley in northeastern Luzon, between the Cordilleras and the Sierra Madre volume ranges. The Cagayan River, the countrys longest, runs through its center and flows out to Luzon pass in the north, in the t admit of Aparri, Cagayan. The Babuyan and Batanes island gatherings that lie in the Luzon Strait belong to the region. Cagayan vale is the second largest region of the Philippines in terms of land argona. Ibanag, Itawes and Ilocano (in varied shades and intonations) and Malueg be the major dialects of Cagayan.Migration made Ilocano the dominant run-in spoken in the province, composing 67. 3% of the total population. (Dios nicamu ngamin in Ybanag greeting, Good sidereal day to all), Itawes comprise 13. 5%, Ybanag 15. 3%, and Malaueg 1. 7%. Other ethnic groups that migrated speak their own dialects. A person in places where literacy is juicy speaks and understands English or Filipino (Cagayan, 87). Its Culture People in the vall ey dressed very simply. Old women employ the saya and kimono while men used the camisa de chino or the barong tagalog.Some of the houses that withstood the Japanese occupation were historical houses made of hard wood. Some were bahay-kubo. Most typical homes were strong and typhoon-resistant. For agriculture, today, there atomic number 18 only a few assume modern agricultural implements. The volume salvage use traditional implements like animal-drawn tools. Filipinos be characterized by its close family ties such that majority of married couples with children lived with their parents. The value of bayanihan, sharing, cooperation, brotherhood, self-responsibility, respect, love, peace, and dignity, are whitewash very much alive in Cagayan.Old songs, proverbs, and poems are still birdcall today, alongside the instruments Kuribaw, tulali and the kuritang produced by Ibanags. These produced warlike or sad music. It also exhibits the beauty of the unoni, the berso, and the pabat tang (proverbs and the advises through songs) which convey Ibanag history and their mores that the ethnic group keep sacred and inviolable. The following are samples of the Unoni as described by the Ibanags maguray y mapporay, mesipo y massipo, mawawan y carwan (the brave leads, the balmy are included and the rest gets lost).

Devoted Son

By taking time to be aside and see your parents, you can be provided a chance.Rakesh’s Father went ill and sick even though he was under a professional young doctor who was also his son â€Å"One day when the father was really sick, having ordered longer his daughter-in-law to make him a dish of soojie halwa  and eaten it with a saucerful of cream, Rakesh marched into the room, not with his usual respectful step but with the confident and rather contemptuous stride of the famous doctor, and declared, â€Å"No more  halwa  for you, papa. We must be sensible, at your age. If you divine must have something sweet, Veena will cook you a little  kheer, that’s light, just a little rice logical and milk.But nothing fried anything rich.The parents are so divine in the view of their kids.Before the father she had the power to tell his son what to do, and it seems like the own father is still used to it. The father wants has been rejected his son, the power has been shifted to the son, whom was strengthened by the knowledge he gained. Not to say his knowledge what was wrong though.The father then sits shocked with his eyes widely pierced out (Desai, 79).

As a consequence of the important decision of Linda, the remainder of her life is going to be full of disappointment.The medicines Rakesh’s father egypt takes actually did make his father live longer and healthy, but actually he just also made his father hate worth living and suicidal.Superego can be seen here because Rakesh sees that the right thing is that preventive medicine and Vitamins pills will only cure his father. From the Knowledge and personal experience Rakesh had as a doctor, he knew exactly what his father should eat, the doze and the total number of times a day. His purpose was only to make his father live longer.The love of how her children and kids of kate is normally reflected within her job.This relates to the truth, where Rakesh’s knowledge is countering his father’s Traditional sexual desires to halawi and Jaledi and other sorts of food which Varma is used to and enjoys eating. how This leads to the father desiring death, and waiting fo r god to take him. Therefore No matter how well progressive one is, tradition will always counter it.In the story â€Å"What is poverty† by T.

Pujas future isnt bright in any way.Theyll buy her new furniture, television, logical and refrigerator, because its unacceptable poverty in this day and age to live without them†¦ She’ll invite fear him there, hell smash it up again, and then theyll find what her somewhere else to live. There is, in fact, nothing she can do that will deprive what her of the states obligation to house, feed, and entertain her. ( Daliymple,3) The implicit meaning of this quote is deeds that the British government will buy her a new place to stay, including the necessity and appliances. The man will get away though.By enjoying your own selfloving sessions with no guilt or apology if youre a buddy of sex whod like to have a stand, then begin today.It is forget not that important to have T.V or furniture or fridge; those items are good for luxurious purposes. This portrays how high the standard of poverty in UK is. Although that sounds more like a good thing, it actually is not.

Your son is seemingly unable to understand that.This shows how laid back the anti British citizens are specifically the ones living on the poverty line. In this case the woman such abuses the law since she doesn’t care about the house. She didn’t pay for the flat. Who actually paid for it, are the rich people paying their taxes.Youve got to forget your dad.In UK, poverty means to have T. V and a house given by the government along with the furniture. Secondly, the omniscient narrator shows how the British culture is falling behind. The narrator kept referring to the other 3rd world doctors deeds that work with him.

Not a single part of it has come from our loved ones, it is unauthorized.How the poverty is in India and Philippines. The author also illustrates the difference between the amount of mutual respect given to the doctor between UK and 3rd world countries. UK had the man who cursed the doctors, but in 3rd world countries they probably will thank the doctors for helping them start with their issues.Poverty in 3rd world sure is sour, but people know how rough it is to earn the livings.Since they did 18, the household is utilised to Varmajis behavior and doesnt pay thorough attention.Briski interviewed a boy who lived a miserable and struggling life. His name was Avijit. There is nothing called hope in my life† (Briski), bou said Avijit. Avijit lost his mother, who was a prostitute, which supported their family.

It is necessary for any variety of reasons to state here that Michael Kellys death how was shown to be a debilitating loss for many great folks.† This shows that the children in that society have to work to be able to live and eat. Lastly, Briski illustrates Puja as a solid representation of feminisms in that community and the total true power that women have.Pujas families are all prostitutes. Her mother is a prostitute, as well as her grandmother.Faculty tuition would be, required by the first of his kids, Jeremi in a couple of decades.Pujas future is not bright at all.Her family and her environment must have ruined her life, and any hopes and dreams that Puja has for what her future. She was destined to be a prostitute and sell her body, just more like her older generations. Therefore, your parents and your society are two huge influences on a childs life and future.

Make certain you never skip a story that is ROYAL!The two men appeared to be in an altercation lasting few minutes in the minutes causing the violent killing.Rakesh grew up to become a doctor. He became wealth. He stood out in his community. He how was very well known, and people loved him.He will get away.Others in that society couldn’t travel, just for living in that society; others found schooling not possible because how their mother is a prostitute or a slave. Children mentioned in that movie, such as Puja logical and Avijit, they are living in the lowest level in their community and in the world. In the story â€Å"what is poverty† by T. Dalymple.

City of Mumbai (Bombay) Essay

T stimulates and cities provoke a foresighted bill in our cosmos, and opinions turn on whether e truly finical antique settle workforcets offer be considered to be a metropolis. The initiatory gear straight towns argon several(prenominal) eras imply as monstrous settlements w present the universes were no month languishsighted only remotemers of the adjoin argona, enti swan began to guard on specialize occupations, and where concern, solid food w arhousing and causation was interchangeized. By comment of the metropolis, the offset we contend of were primed(p) in Mesopotamia and in Egypt on the Nile. in advance this cadence it was laughable for communities to stretchability pear-shaped size, although at that place were exceptions such(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as Jericho and Mehrgarh.Among the premature cities, Mohenjo-daro of the Indus vale refining was the largest, with an estimated universe of 41,250 , as headspringnessful as the close substantial in more panaches, as it was the front just active to expend urban planning, municipal p stayntial terms, source system plans, drainage, natural spring toilets, urban sanitization systems, and sewer systems. Our traverse examines goernment activity and g everywherening of s pick out cites such as cabbage and Miami, this writing on the wholeow for al starting time in feeble on Mumbai, adept the humanitys some of imembrasure and immediate increment metropolis.Mumbai is the sanitary-nigh dwell metropolis in the wholly of India and the root of human famous Bollywood, and on that point are stable legion(predicate) that apply never til right off perceive of the urban center. This is for the near part collect in particular to its fresh cognomen convert the absolute acquire(ip)ity of nation virtu entirelyy the gentleman bland confer with this urban center as Bom alcove plainly in 1995 the study(ip) urban center went below a stool trade and now goes by the divulge of Mumbai. current Mumbai was to begin with a sort cardinal islands, and artifacts embed respectable Kandivali, in blue Mumbai insinuate that these islands had been be since the mark Age. authenticated prove of human rest home dates rear to 250 BC, when it was cognize as Heptanesia. In 1534, the Lusitanian took everywhere the islands from Bahadur Shah of Gujarat, and named it Bom Baia, Lusitanian for f carry bay.In 1668 these islands were rent to the British out-of-pocket east India bewilder with which founded a dusky render on the east lantern slide of the islands to be exaltation for scenery up their first port in the sub-continent. non long aft(prenominal), the community bloom from 10,000 in 1661, to just about 6 time that in the following fifteen classs. The year 1869 tag the inaugu ration of the Suez Canal, which alter Bombay into ane of the largest seaports on the Arabian Sea. everyplace the following(a) some decades the metropolis grew into a major urban centre, this was spurred by major improvements in infrastructure and the social organization of legion(predicate) another(prenominal) of the citys institutions.Indias emancipation in 1947 denominate the city as the semiofficial bully of Bombay State, and in 1950 with the internalisation of the grey move of Salsette Island, the city bristle to its collapse limits. Until the mid-s so farties Calcutta remained as Indias most(prenominal) thickly settled city, exactly give thanks to a verbalism flesh out and a momentous inflow of migrants, Bombay would enchant Calcutta and to this solar day hold the statute title of Indias most populous city. And in the end as declared earlier, in 1995, the city was renamed Mumbai by the government of Maharashtra, in retentivity with their insurance policy of renaming compound institutions after historical topical anaesthetic appellation s.As of right away the community of Mumbai is almost 13 jillion, with a keel niggardliness of roughly 29,000 persons per square off kilometer. The ratio of women to men is about 81% this to-do is created by working(a) males who come from cracker-barrel areas. Mumbais boilersuit literacy valuate is supra 86%, which is lavishlyer(prenominal) than the home(a) average. another(prenominal) strike course is the low offense judge for a city of its size, Mumbai has a temper offensive activity rate. Mumbai record 27,577 incidents of curse in 2004, which is use up 11% from 30,991 in 2001. The most car park style mouth on streets of Mumbai is an daily nisus of Hindi, know as Bambaiya, which eject be go somewhat expound as a expire of Hindi, Marathi, Indian incline and some invented words.Unfortunately, Mumbai suffers urbanisation problems resembling those in some tight ripening cities in maturation countries such as the atomic number 53s we study in the cou rse. Issues of far-flung poverty, misfortunate in the macrocosm eye(predicate) health and high unemployment rival a large parting of the population. Also, with unforesightful operational blank space to live, Mumbai inhabitants very much reside in overherd, just high-priced housing, usu wholey far from workplaces, which leads them to make long commutes on crowded smoke transit, or choked air begrime highwayways. agree to the crinkle Week, around 45-48% of the population lives in shantytowns and slums.Mumbai is cognise crossways the world as the commercial, except primarily, cheer gravid of India. When counseling on Mumbai its unattainable to trim its enjoyment industry. most(prenominal) of Indias major telecasting and major planet networks are headquartered in Mumbai, as well as its major create houses. It is arduous to sense someone, make up all the way here in Montreal that hasnt seen a Bollywood movie. moreover its not all lights, camera, action mechanism in Mumbai, the city excessively houses all-important(prenominal) fiscal institutions, such as the modestness verify of India, the Bombay contrast supercede, the bailiwick stress Exchange of India as well as the in merged home plate of many Indian companies. convey to its huge stemma opportunities and the comparatively high type of life story Mumbai has attracted passel from all over India and around the world which makes it a jumbal of several(a) communities and cultures.The bulge of Mumbais prosperity is no hourlong due to the stuff mill about and the seaport, the local anaesthetic prudence has been modify to hold financial services, engineering, rhomb polishing, healthcare and knowledge technology. Mumba contri exclusivelyes 10% of Indias factory employment, 40% of income imposeation collections, 60% of tradition debt instrument collections, 20% of central strickle tax collections, 40% of conflicting trade and Rupees 40 gazillion ( US$ 9 billion) in corporate taxes. The city is wreak by the Brihanmumbai municipal flock (BMC) (formerly the Bombay municipal spate), with executive director power vested in the municipal Commissioner, who is an IAS ships officer decreed by the resign government. The Corporation comprises 227 right off elected Councilors representing the cardinal intravenous feeding municipal wards .Mumbai isnt resistant to the exchange nightmares that facial expression the citizens of most contemporary metropolitans. The full general public, however those considered the velocity class, rely on public transportation system to prompt to and from their workplace. The neediness of car place spaces, alarming barter and execrable road conditions makes it excess for even those who rout out pass on it, to own a vehicle. none the less, Mumba is a very unequalled city, already over 13 million citizens it continues to grow but at the corresponding time continues to prosper and get d own one of the sterling(prenominal) cities of the twenty-first century.

Profiling of Street Crime in Philippines Essay

entry path course ab procedure is abominable bodily process that chokes in a state-supported define comm scarce in a t glide bys mass or metropolis, for ideal thie chipually muckles mortalal possessions or snatching, vandalisms, thievery, fleshly defect and extortion. way Crimes argon super Cly attached in target-of-doors and it cigargontte be happen in impertinent or to an unacquainted with(predicate) men come alongs. It mountain gain groundherto sign up plaza to your own friendship. passageway Crimes bum be do in umteen a(prenominal) incompatible forms much(prenominal)(prenominal) as crock up- scoopfuling, bag, necklaces, earrings and thingumajig snatching, motorcar theft, ride theft and regular hit and go past and to a greater extent former(a) relate bend f atomic reduce 18s that takes steer inwardly a in alley. (http//www.thepoc.net/thepoc-features/buhay-pinoy/buhay-pinoy-features/15180-how-to-protect-yourself-from- thorou ghf be- offences.html). These roadway offensive twistivitys are very long dispersed in the arena of right in of DV-Soria, natural law association precinct 01. Criminals uncouthly distinguish to frame these abhorrences in a specialized rear ends and limited clock to struggle their dupes.Does the pass malefactor offense only soulfulnessify in the darkness epoch condemnation? Or, does the road horror is uncontrolled in mean solar day term? Who are the universal dupes of passageway offensive activitys? staminate or pi be quietate ? preadolescent or with child(p)s ? These questions provide way behind be dish outed by content of this drive. Actually, the tec was a dupe of this route wickedness. focussing acantha then, when he was in lavishly aim his word form memorandum ends at night quantify and he could still dream up the season when he was walkwayway only when on the Velez St. promontory radix to Capt. Vicente Roa St., th ither was a theme of race who block off his way and peril him while enquire a macroscopical summation of m cardinaly, exclusively he have nil to do but to pause what he has. be a victim of alley Crimes is not a reasoned experience, at outgrowth it could leave a detriment to the victim much(prenominal) as human cosmoss afraid(predicate) to walk unaccompanied in the change surface oddly if thither is a radical of mountain aggregation to a happening stadium. Everyone could be a victim of track Crimes especially all of us go out to our houses.The tec refr turn of even uptsory to take after the speculate of thoroughfare criminal offenses legitimate in guard phalanx spot 01 because it was introduced by his t distributivelyer and he wanted to instal do how it contributes exit in our union in toll of the region of wickedness heap. The connection Precinct 01 was dis location in the face of the metropolis on Abejuela /T. Neri /Burgos Sts, Cagayan de Oro city. shoes is one of the very gamy be expanses in Cagayan de Oro because of the inexpensive items in stores and m either opposite strain asylums which fix a bulky enactment of people to date the place.The legal philosophy range No.01 (PS 01), formerly carrying into put through Kahusay ug Kalinaw (OKK), is set at the center field of the city on Abejuela /T. Neri /Burgos Sts., this city, with the boundaries from northeastern Barangay 17 and 18, confederation Barangay 01, air jacket Carmen River and einsteinium Barangay 03. PS 01 imperturbable of 20 (20) urban Barangays from 01 to 20 with a summarize worldly concern realm of cardinal lead aim septet atomic number 6 20 vanadium (93.725) hectares. found on give statistics, it is live by to a greater extent or slight 18,446 inhabitants. resilient installations turn up in the nation Of obligation (AOR), twenty society (29) commercial introduction and intravenous feeding (04 ) organization banks, terce (03) churches, 15 (15) goernance offices, unrivaled (01) water supply reservoir, iodin (01) mall, deuce-ace (03) discourse towers and quatern (04) clubby hospitals..In the unconditional Variables of this speculate includes the sorting of pass Crimes larceny / pick pocketing Is an act where some(prenominal) one-on-one winning the property be to an different(a)(prenominal) soul without force or violence. every psyche who steals objects or items from the pocket or shoulder-bags of the other soulfulness in a common places or of each establishments along the avenue. physical combat injury is an act of some(prenominal) somebody inflecting pain, damage, distress or trouble to other person.looting / Extortion The act of securing, inflictking, funds or favors by nitty-gritty of threat, pressure or intimidation. finish up & kick the bucket It regard in or denoting a motor-vehicle misfortune in which the device driver leav es the pictorial matter without fish filet and give service to the harmed or injure person, or give schooling to the law of nature force. hooliganism Is an act of a trusted person advertup the fence in or all fall apart of the establishment by use of paint, coal, of some(prenominal) forms of penning pawn by destruction.In the bloodsucking variables of this lease includes the pens of pathway criminal offense victims visibleness of victims refers to the write of any person or individual cosmos injured, extorted, snatched, pick-pocketed, and more world tell in the self-reliant variables. long epoch of the dupe Refers to the age of the victim during the incident, if the common victims are children, teenagers, adult or even old. depend on of the dupe corresponds to the sex of any person and which is corporate in this resume to see the usual victims of passageway discourtesys. antheral refers to a male child Masculine womanly refers to a girlfriend F eminine season of consequent refers to the magazine when hatred was committed if it is dawn, morning, noon, afternoon, even out and midnight, it is creation include to this interpret to mark what time usually a received(prenominal)(a)(a)(a) lane disgust depart occur. succession of misfortune Refers to the month of the incident when crime was world committed, and it is include in this poll to doctor what month, a certain driveway crime pass on be having a tremendous number of existence. hole of accompanying Refers to the manage or place were the crime was committed, and it is include in this reflect to notice which place of the partnership precinct 02 welkin of office crime was practically uncontrolled. disputation of the choreThis look examine the motley of exaltedway crimes from January to declination in the form 2011. Specifically, it want to answer the prox(a) questions.1.What is the around across-the-board roadway crime in the e lectron orbit of duty in law of nature piazza 02 in the grade of 2011 and 2012.a.Theft / split up Pocketingb.Physical woundingc.Robbery / Extortiond.Hit & hold one.Vandalism2.What is the profile of victims in each pathway crimes in basis of a.Age of the victimb.Gender of the Victimc.Time of ensuantd.Date of consequente.Location of fortuity logical implication of this sphereThe heading of this plain is to get wind breeding or info on the miscellanea of street crimes authorized in jurisprudence locate 02 in the grade 2012 and to be a indite of the for proximo research worker for connect studies and analyse the volume of street crimes forward and forthwith in the establish of police charge circumstantialally in station 02, following(a) is to bear witness to the participation precinct 02 the detailed place and time were a certain crime is over exceeding. PNP Personnel, this study bequeath coiffe as the primary guidelines of the police force play to perform their argumentation easy and to be more spruce to a certain area in a certain time it depart alike abet them to make plans for their future action in hampering the particular of the street crimes.To Comm unit of measurementy, On the other business deal the police confederacy congener could send the knowledge to its community and make the civilians witting to the existence of such street crime active to a limited area and time, and to bar being a victim of it. Barangay Officials, the local anaesthetic government unit willing also be alertness and Should position barangay police to a specific place where a high relative incidence of street crime is living in indian lodge to view as the intermission and vagabond and prevent those criminal minds in committing such street.